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16 October 2021, Volume 55 Issue 10 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Great Founding Spirit of the CPC: Features, Connotations and Inheritance Shen Chuanliang, Zhang Chengle 2021, 55 (10):  5-11.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1198KB) ( )   For the first time in the centennial history of the Communist Party of China (CPC), General Secretary Xi Jinping elaborated the great founding spirit of the Party in his speech at the conference celebrating the centenary of the CPC. The great founding spirit born in the great founding practice is the spiritual source of the CPC, and the great opening chapter of the spiritual pedigree of the Party members. It explicitly reflects the feature of the contemporary times, and is innovative, original, advanced, and practical. It has rich and profound connotations, embodying the original aspiration and mission, ideals and convictions, fundamental purpose, and exemplary traditions of the CPC, and constituting an integral whole with a rigorous logic and distinctive levels. It reflects the shared values of the spiritual pedigree of the Party members. In the new journey of fully building a modern socialist China, we should study, disseminate and interpret the great founding spirit of the Party, observe and advance glorious traditions, carry on the revolutionary spirit, and always inherit and develop the great founding spirit of the Party. Related Articles | Metrics

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Leading and Creating New Demands through Independent Innovation: Theoretical Logic and Feasible Approach Yang Tianyu 2021, 55 (10):  12-19.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1200KB) ( )   This paper divides independent innovation into the independent innovation of intermediate products and that of final products, and demonstrates the theoretical logic of and feasible approach for leading and creating new demands through independent innovation. It is found that due to uncertainties inherent in the innovation process and the switching cost effect, the independent innovation of final products can only create the consumption demand, but cannot drive the investment demand for upstream intermediate products. However, the independent innovation of intermediate products has positive externalities, which can not only create the investment demand for intermediate products per se, but can also lead and create new demands in the whole industrial chain. Therefore, encouraging the independent innovation of intermediate products is the key to expanding the domestic demand. As a starting point for leading and creating new demands, the independent innovation of final products can be achieved to some extent through the market, in the form of mass entrepreneurship and innovation. In contrast, the success of the independent innovation of intermediate products requires intensive government intervention and support, especially the role of stateowned enterprises. On this basis, this paper presents some policy suggestions on how to lead and create new demands through independent innovation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Evolution Mechanism and Optimization Path of the Spatial Structure of China's City Clusters: From the Perspective of Socialist Political Economy with Chinese Characteristics Yao Changcheng, Song Donglin 2021, 55 (10):  20-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1680KB) ( )   How to optimize the spatial structure of China's city clusters in the new era has become a strategic issue that matters to the overall situation. Based on Marx's capital accumulation theory, this paper explores the nature and tendency of capital that tries to overcome all spatial hindrances in order to identify the general law in the spatial structure evolution of city clusters. At the same time, taking into account the Chinese context, it incorporates the role of government into the theoretical framework, systematically explains the evolution dynamics of the spatial structure of China's city clusters, and deepens the theoretical understanding of the city cluster development model with Chinese characteristics. In addition, by considering the changing contradictions in the evolution of the spatial structure of China's city clusters, and properly addressing the interactions between an effective government and an efficient market in this evolution, this paper comes up with a theoretical logic for optimizing the spatial structure of China's city clusters, which weakens the risk of polarization that may result from capital accumulation. Finally, given the major contradictions in the spatial structure evolution and the development level of city clusters in different regions, this paper proposes differentiated development paths for optimizing the spatial structure of city clusters in different regions in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Features, Paradoxes, and Historical Trends of the Era of Civilization: Based on Engels's Analyses Yan Mengwei 2021, 55 (10):  37-46.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1226KB) ( )   The era of civilization represents a state of social progress marked by civilizations as understood from the perspective of the general historical process of the human society development. In his work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Engels presents his understanding of “civilization”, the “era of civilization”, and the “civilized society”. He points out that the emergence and development of a civilized society is closely related to the development of labor division and commodity production, whose basic characteristic is the pursuit of wealth. As a result, the society is divided into the exploiting class and the exploited class, and produces three forms of slavery, i.e. the ancient slavery, the serfdom in the Middle Ages, and the modern wagelabor system. The transition from the simple commodity economy to the developed commodity economy means that the ancient civilization has developed into the modern civilization. The modern civilization has given rise to not only enormous fruits, but also some paradoxes, such as the formalization and superficialization of freedom and equality, commodity fetishism, consumption alienation and antagonism in the world system. The development model with Chinese characteristics provides new impetus to the historical process of the era of civilization, and promotes the development of the human civilization towards a more advanced historical form. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Rethink of the “Smithian Phase” in the Thoughts of Marx: From “Natural Order” to “Capital Logic” Lan Yang 2021, 55 (10):  47-55.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1219KB) ( )   The relationship between Marx and Smith is a key to understand Marxs critique of political economy. The development from The German Ideology to Capital is in a sense a break from the closeness to Smith to thereupon examine the inner contradictions in classical economics. In The German Ideology, Marx explicitly discusses the evolution from the feudal to the capitalist society in a way similar to that of Smith, thereby establishing his first theoretical paradigm about the source and nature of capitalism. While in works such as The Poverty of Philosophy, Economic Manuscripts of 18571858, and Capital, Marx gradually reveals the structuration of the form of capital, and finally goes beyond Smith's “commercialization” theory. It has to be made clear that this process is not a research development from the logic of labor division in a general sense to the capitalist society, as usually understood. Instead, it is a real historical horizon that Marx put forword based on his understanding of the special nature of capitalism. It is only when this change is completed that Marx gets real insights about the “false” nature of the capitalist economic reality and the teleological feature of classical economics. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Transcendence of Modernity: Historical Implications of Marx's Discussions of the “Jewish Question” Lin Zhao 2021, 55 (10):  56-64.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1214KB) ( )   The core of the “Jewish question” is about how the Jews were emancipated within the modernity framework: emancipated as human beings or as Jews. Bruno Bauer proposed a solution of assimilation, requiring the abandonment of religious particularity by the Jews and Christians and assimilation of them into “human beings”. Distinct from this Enlightenment approach, Marx raised a different question through discussions of political emancipation. He argued that the Jews could not be emancipated within the modernity framework; they could only be genuinely emancipated by transcending modernity. After the debates between political Zionism and cultural Zionism, the Jews finally reestablished Israel. Nevertheless, the rebuilding of this Jewish state is not the realization of emancipation, for the Jews are still trapped in the modernity dilemma of the “war of all against all”. Marx's discussions of the “Jewish question” have historical implications, i.e. for a nation with a long history, a profound culture, and numerous sufferings to be emancipated and revitalized, modernity must be simultaneously obtained and transcended. For the Chinese who are committed to the national rejuvenation, it is necessary to bear in mind lessons from the Jews and teachings of Marx, and pursue the unification of the Chinese emancipation and human emancipation based on the transcendence of the modern capitalist civilization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Strategic Sovereignty of the EU: Multidimensional Connotations and International Implications Fang Lexian, Yin Jiazhang 2021, 55 (10):  65-75.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1282KB) ( )   Strategic sovereignty signifies the ability to rely on one's own resources in key strategic areas and to cooperate with partners whenever needed in the era of geopolitical competition. It aims at recalibrating the EU's role in a geopolitical world in order to strengthen its capacity to safeguard and act in line with its interests and values. This notion is put forward in the contexts of intensified competition among external great powers, the prominence of geopolitical competition, multiple crises inside the EU, and setbacks in the European integration process. It involves the following five crucial areas: security sovereignty, economic sovereignty, health sovereignty, digital sovereignty, and climate sovereignty. This notion implies that the EU is laying more emphasis on a geopolitical perspective when examining and tackling its foreign relations, and that it has recognized its asymmetric dependence and vulnerabilities and is making strategic readjustments. The multidimensional elements of strategic sovereignty are being gradually integrated into the construction of a sovereign Europe. The resultant impact deserves serious attention. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Historical, Theoretical and Practical Logics in the Development of Ideological and Political Education Song Youwen 2021, 55 (10):  76-83.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1116KB) ( )   The disciplinary construction and academic research of the ideological and political education in contemporary China started from discussions on the scientification of the ideological and political work. A review of the development of the ideological and political work towards scientification and disciplinization clearly displays the historical, theoretical and practical logics in the evolution of the ideological and political education in China. In the new era, it is necessary to observe the dialectical unity of the three logics, and constantly promote the development of the ideological and political work towards a higher level of scientification, institutionalization, and modernization. We should establish a system of theories of the ideological and political education that responds to practical demands of the new era, centering around basic concepts, such as leading and shaping, selection and identity, difference and consensus, vitality and order, which reflect the laws in the operation and reception of the socialist ideology. In this way, we can make original contributions to facilitate the construction of the disciplinary, academic and discourse systems of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Types and Levels: On How to Identify the Laws in Ideological and Political Education Wang Xisheng 2021, 55 (10):  84-91.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1113KB) ( )   While it is recognized that laws exist in the ideological and political education, “what are the laws” remains a broad and vague question. This question at least contains some subquestions such as “is there one or more than one law” and “if there is more than one law, what is the relationship between different laws”. To explicitly understand and answer the questions of laws in the ideological and political education, it is necessary to introduce the ideas of types and levels. The types and levels of such laws are determined by their inner contradictions. There are universal contradictions and particular contradictions. Universal contradictions determine the basic nature of a thing, while particular contradictions determine the particular nature of a thing. The basic laws in the ideological and political education reflect the evolution of universal contradictions as basic contradictions, and the particular laws reflect the evolution of its particular contradictions. The particular contradictions in the ideological and political education also have different types and levels. The differentiation of types and levels can help us get an accurate understanding of the laws in the ideological and political education from a structural perspective, and more importantly, can facilitate the scientification of the research of basic theories at a logical level. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Historical Turn in Western Political Science: Three Levels and Implications Guo Taihui 2021, 55 (10):  92-102.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1157KB) ( )   Based on a review of the academic history of the “historical turn” in Western social sciences, three levels of historical turn can be identified in political science, which result from different understandings of history. At the level of history as methodology, the theories, propositions, and concepts produced in political science are held as “fundamental principles”, while historical studies are used for “practical application”, providing materials for proving the rationality of knowledge. At the level of history as epistemology, the historical and political studies are integrated, which start from real political issues, highlight the historical sources of political knowledge, and interpret or explain the historical processes and causes. At the level of history as ontology, political science is instead used for “practical application”, whose discussions are aimed at revealing the universal historical processes, i.e. the “fundamental principles”. The historical turns at the three levels have rationality in knowledge production and basis in the academic history, but they also have different problems. Political science in China has recognized the significance of the historical turn. However, the three levels of historical turn should not be separated; instead, we need to find the interlevel logical and factual connection mechanisms. The particularly important but difficult part is about the third level. We need to establish a unified historical conception based on the tradition of the Chinese civilization, and set it as the foundation of the other two levels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Competitive Organizations and Their Political Influence in the Decline of Western Political Parties Kan Daoyuan, Yu Li 2021, 55 (10):  103-112.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1157KB) ( )   The decline of political parties is a significant phenomenon in party politics in the West in recent years. The rise of competitive organizations has become an external force to be reckoned with that influences the development of political parties. The substitution of competitive organizations for political parties in functions, values and expectations to some extent is accelerating the decline of the latter in a compensatory, penetrative and dispersive way. This means increasing pressures for the selfreform of political parties, and the gradual disappearance of the “time window”. The political scene of Western countries will be characterized by differentiation, polarization and fragmentation, adding uncertainties to global politics. Such a situation is attributable not only to the postmodern transformation of the West, but more to the worsening failure of political institutions and the crisis of democracy. Related Articles | Metrics