Abstract: The core of the “Jewish question” is about how the Jews were emancipated within the modernity framework: emancipated as human beings or as Jews. Bruno Bauer proposed a solution of assimilation, requiring the abandonment of religious particularity by the Jews and Christians and assimilation of them into “human beings”. Distinct from this Enlightenment approach, Marx raised a different question through discussions of political emancipation. He argued that the Jews could not be emancipated within the modernity framework; they could only be genuinely emancipated by transcending modernity. After the debates between political Zionism and cultural Zionism, the Jews finally reestablished Israel. Nevertheless, the rebuilding of this Jewish state is not the realization of emancipation, for the Jews are still trapped in the modernity dilemma of the “war of all against all”. Marx's discussions of the “Jewish question” have historical implications, i.e. for a nation with a long history, a profound culture, and numerous sufferings to be emancipated and revitalized, modernity must be simultaneously obtained and transcended. For the Chinese who are committed to the national rejuvenation, it is necessary to bear in mind lessons from the Jews and teachings of Marx, and pursue the unification of the Chinese emancipation and human emancipation based on the transcendence of the modern capitalist civilization.

摘要： “犹太人问题”的核心是犹太人如何在现代性的框架中获得解放，犹太人是作为人还是作为犹太人而获得解放。鲍威尔给出了同化主义的解决路径，要求犹太人和基督徒摒除宗教的特殊性而同化为“人”。针对这个启蒙主义的方案，马克思另辟蹊径，他通过对政治解放的剖析改变了问题的提法，指出犹太人无法在现代性中获得解放，要实现真正的解放必须超越现代性。犹太人在经历政治复国主义和文化复国主义的争论后最终重建以色列，但犹太国的重建并不是解放的实现，因为他们没有走出现代性的“一切人反对一切人的战争”。马克思论“犹太人问题”的历史启示在于，一个历史悠久、文化深厚、苦难深重的民族的解放与复兴必须同时获取和扬弃现代性。对于正在致力于民族复兴的中国人来说，需要谨记犹太人的教训和马克思的教诲，需要在超越现代资本主义文明之上谋求中国人的解放和人的解放的统一。