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15 March 2026, Volume 60 Issue 3 Previous Issue   

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Stepped Progression of Five-Year Plans: History, Characteristics, and Experience Wu Li 2026, 60 (3):  5-13.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1199KB) ( )   The history of formulating and implementing fiveyear plans since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China is a history of significant achievements and transformative changes in Chinas economic and social development, as well as a history of innovation in the pathway, theory, system, and culture of Chinese modernization. The formulation and implementation of fiveyear plans represent important experience in the governance of the country by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and serve as a significant political advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. This approach enhances the Partys leadership, mobilizes resources for major undertakings, allows for forwardlooking strategic planning, and maintains the continuity of initiatives. By reviewing the stepped progression of the 14 FiveYear Plans formulated and implemented since the founding of New China, and elucidating their essence, characteristics, and historical role, we have gained valuable historical experience in the following respects. First, it is crucial to adhere to the centralized, unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee. Second, it is essential to adhere to a peoplecentered approach and properly balance accumulation and consumption. Third, the liberation and development of the productive forces remain the top priority for China. Fourth, it is necessary to ensure the whole country works together, prioritizing tasks based on their urgency and importance. Fifth, we must consistently enhance the scientific rigor of these plans and strengthen the capacity for their implementation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Evolution of Economics and the Construction of Chinese Economics Li Lili1, Lan Wushuang2 2026, 60 (3):  14-26.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1262KB) ( )   The construction of Chinese economics must follow the inherent laws of the evolution of economics. Based on this theoretical observation of over 2000 years of history of economic thought, it is found that the evolution of economics manifests as competitive interactions among different schools and doctrines, exhibiting a cyclical pattern of “stability breeding instability”. This process carries distinct national characteristics and diversity, reflecting synchrony and aggregation with a nations rise and fall. However, driven by specialization, technicalization, and internationalization, it tends to develop into a universal, homogeneous, and inert system. Drawing lessons from history, the current rise of Chinese economics faces unprecedented opportunities and challenges. China should seize historical opportunities to accelerate the coordinated construction of its economics system, and address current challenges by focusing on issues and practices during the pursuit of the Chinese path to modernization, advancing from a pluralistic paradigm in economics, and implementing institutional reforms that serve the goal of building an independent knowledge system. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Historical Contributions of the Northwest Bureau of the CPC Central Committee to Intraparty Institutional Innovation during the Yan'an       Period Ren Xiaowei 2026, 60 (3):  27-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1210KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Origins, Innovative Development, and Contemporary Value of the Concept of “Self-reform” Duan Yan 2026, 60 (3):  37-45.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1196KB) ( )   As a signature concept in the discipline of CPC history and Party building, “selfreform” has a clear course of historical evolution. The early explorations of “selfreform” unfolded during the revolutionary struggle through initiatives such as “Reforming Our Study” and “Reform the Party”. After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, “selfreform” was practiced through “selfcriticism” and “selfeducation”. During the reform and openingup period, “selfreform” was further deepened through “overall Party consolidation” and “exercising strict Party governance in all respects”. As socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a new era, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has realized the innovative development of the concept of “selfreform”, extending it from a comprehensive deepening of reform to a realm of Party building. This has given rise to a cluster of concepts known as selfpurification, selfperfection, selfrenewal and selfprogression, endowing “selfreform” with multiple meanings: spiritual, institutional, practical, and ideological. As a signature concept, “selfreform” holds significant importance for guiding practice, shaping discourse, and advancing disciplinary development. It contributes to objectively presenting the Partys history, strengthening the overall Party leadership, and continuously promoting and enhancing the building of the governing party. Related Articles | Metrics

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Marx's  Critique of the Biopolitics of Capitalism:An Investigation Centered on Capital Liu Xin 2026, 60 (3):  46-58.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1326KB) ( )    In Capital, grounded in a critique of political economy, Marx conducts a comprehensive critique of the biopolitics of capitalism across four interconnected dimensions: the primitive accumulation of capital, the capitalist production process, the industrial reserve army, and everyday life. As the historical starting point, the primitive accumulation of capital degrades the domestic populace into “bare life” through the deprivation of living conditions, and creates a “state of exception” in overseas colonies to achieve the absolute control of life by capital. The capitalist production process, as the fundamental site, synchronizes with the logic of capitalist biopolitics. It starts from the premise that labor power becomes a commodity, inherently revealing the secrets of capital power using biopolitical governance to discipline active workers in pursuit of value valorization. The industrial reserve army, serving as an implicit thread, constitutes a “state of exception” within the wage labor system. It is leveraged by capital power to exert pressure on the active labor army, with the aim of obscuring class contradictions and sustaining both political domination and economic exploitation. Everyday life, as a panoramic schema, extends the analytical scope of the critique of biopolitics from the production of surplus value to its realization, revealing the inhuman living conditions endured by the proletariat in terms of physical and mental health, the living environment, and spiritualmoral wellbeing. Exploring this body of thought holds significant theoretical value for illuminating the politicalphilosophical implications of Capital. Related Articles | Metrics

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From Marx's “Six-book Plan” to the Holistic Construction of Newtype Production Relations Huang Jin, Chen Jingjing, Tang Liu 2026, 60 (3):  59-70.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1241KB) ( )   The “six-book plan” is the culmination of Marxs holistic contemplation of capitalist production relations. It divides the capitalist production relations into several aspects using a method that progresses from the abstract to the concrete and unifies the logic with history. This plan offers important insights for understanding newtype production relations today. In the context of the development of new quality productive forces, the novelty of newtype production relations is primarily manifested in the following aspects: within the sphere of labor relations, the controlbased production process is gradually shifting towards more harmonious labor relations; within the domestic sphere, the state not only functions as part of the superstructure, but we also need to highlight its role in the economic base, correctly handling the relationship between the state and capital; and within the sphere of international economic relations, the dependent model of international economic relations is inevitably being replaced by a new international economic order characterized by cooperation and mutual benefit. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Evolutionary Process, Theoretical Innovation, and Improvement Pathway of “Public Ownership as the Mainstay and Diverse Forms of Ownership Developing Together”: Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China Xu Dandan, Chen Yanghui, Wang Jinqiu 2026, 60 (3):  71-86.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1371KB) ( )   Upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system, unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the nonpublic sector are theoretical achievements that the Communist Party of China (CPC) has explored over many years and are significant theoretical innovations in the political economy with Chinese characteristics. This paper reviews the history of the establishment and evolution of the ownership structure by the CPC since the founding of New China, elucidating its profound theoretical foundation of Marxist political economy and localized theoretical innovations. By scientifically defining the new connotations of “public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together” in the new era, and deeply analyzing the new challenges arising from profound changes in the domestic and international environment and the intertwining of multiple structural contradictions, this paper proposes promoting complementary advantages and common development among all forms of ownership on the basis of adhering to and implementing the policy of “two unswervingly”. At the micro level, enterprise governance and capability shortcomings need to be addressed; at the meso level, industrial collaboration and institutional integration must be strengthened; at the macro level, institutional coordination and policy implementation need to be reinforced. Only through systematic reforms involving “microlevel empowerment, mesolevel coordination, and macrolevel guarantee” can we promote different forms of ownership from mere “formal coexistence” towards “substantive symbiosis”, thereby truly unleashing the institutional dividends of “common development”. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sino-US Competition in Geostrategic Gravity and the Reshaping of the EastAsian Order Wang Junsheng 2026, 60 (3):  87-98.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1240KB) ( )   Subject to the trajectory of US policy towards China, the Sino-US strategic competition has become a reality that China must confront. Regarding the objects of competition between the two countries, academia primarily focuses on specific areas such as hegemonic competition, ideological struggles, and the relative merits of domestic development. The specific areas of competition between China and the US need to be reflected through geostrategic gravity. Depending on the US perception of the geostrategic importance of East Asia and rooted in its historical memory, alongside Chinas current strategic interests and historical experience in the East Asian region, the geostrategic gravity of competition between China and the US lies in East Asia, where the two countries primarily compete for leadership over the regional order. In order to cope with US strategic pressure by shaping the East Asian order, China should, politically, strengthen relations with friendly countries based on East Asian nations value of order, with a focus on uniting and engaging with neutral countries. Economically, China should leverage its advantages to actively promote regional cooperation and achieve winwin cooperation. In terms of security, China should address deficiencies by increasing investment in security resources, and promote the realization of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security to jointly maintain regional stability.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Varieties of Europe's “Remilitarization”: Fiscal Capacity, Industrial Endowments and the Choices of Military Spending Liu Luxin 2026, 60 (3):  99-113.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1334KB) ( )   The RussiaUkraine conflict has triggered a wave of “remilitarization” across Europe, yet major countries have diverged in their approaches to military spending, fiscal sources, and utilization methods. The industrial endowment of the defense industry determines whether a state has the incentive to stimulate economic growth through domestic defense construction, while fiscal pressure positions military spending against social welfare expenditures. In Germany, with its robust defense industrial base, “remilitarization” is viewed as a key measure for “reindustrialization” and job creation. Mainstream political parties pin their hopes on the economic impact of military spending, driving the country towards accelerated arms buildup. In Sweden, its relatively sound fiscal capacity allows for substantial military spending growth; however, its highly privatized defense industry makes international arms cooperation more aligned with the interests of monopolistic capitalists. In Italy, mired in fiscal distress, populist parties intensify the conflict in distributional politics, becoming a significant force constraining military buildup and hindering the development of its defense industry. “Remilitarization” and populism represent two major political upheavals developing concurrently in Europe. As military spending becomes a focal point in domestic party competition, not only will European defense integration face severe challenges, but arms buildup in some countries will also exacerbate the “guns versus butter” dilemma, continuing to fuel the rise of populism. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Logical Approach of the Discipline of Ideological and Political Education to Analyzing Social Issues Ye Fangxing 2026, 60 (3):  114-123.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1201KB) ( )   The discipline of ideological and political education possesses distinct practical characteristics, necessitating timely responses to social problems and analyses of social issues to leverage the explanatory and guiding power of the expertise of the discipline. The analysis of social issues within the discipline of ideological and political education should reflect its unique disciplinary perspectives and problemsolving logics. Facing the everemerging, complex, and diverse social issues, the discipline must describe socially relevant realities significant for ideological and political education, categorize social issues within the scope of the discipline, conduct theoretical analyses with a social dimension, and provide valueguiding solutions to adjust individuals ideological perspectives, thereby enabling researchers in ideological and political education to approach social issues with a professional disciplinary perspective. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Issue of Ideology from the Perspective of Althusser's Reproduction Theory Tang Liwei, Zhang Libo 2026, 60 (3):  124-132.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1196KB) ( )   With the publication of the manuscript On the Reproduction of Capitalism, Althussers unique interpretation of ideological issues has drawn increasing attention. Based on a critical reflection on the “economic basesuperstructure” issue and a precise grasp of the active role of the superstructure, Althusser redefines the function of ideology. While specifically directing the critique of ideology towards that of bourgeois ideology, he shifts the analysis of ideological issues from tracing origins to exploring its modes of implementation, reinterpreting the basic composition of ideological issues. From the perspective of reproduction, Althusser establishes an intrinsic connection between ideological practice and the critique of bourgeois legal rights, thus revealing the social process of ideological practices and expanding the potential space for ideological construction. Related Articles | Metrics