Abstract: Upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system, unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the nonpublic sector are theoretical achievements that the Communist Party of China (CPC) has explored over many years and are significant theoretical innovations in the political economy with Chinese characteristics. This paper reviews the history of the establishment and evolution of the ownership structure by the CPC since the founding of New China, elucidating its profound theoretical foundation of Marxist political economy and localized theoretical innovations. By scientifically defining the new connotations of “public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together” in the new era, and deeply analyzing the new challenges arising from profound changes in the domestic and international environment and the intertwining of multiple structural contradictions, this paper proposes promoting complementary advantages and common development among all forms of ownership on the basis of adhering to and implementing the policy of “two unswervingly”. At the micro level, enterprise governance and capability shortcomings need to be addressed; at the meso level, industrial collaboration and institutional integration must be strengthened; at the macro level, institutional coordination and policy implementation need to be reinforced. Only through systematic reforms involving “microlevel empowerment, mesolevel coordination, and macrolevel guarantee” can we promote different forms of ownership from mere “formal coexistence” towards “substantive symbiosis”, thereby truly unleashing the institutional dividends of “common development”.

Key words:  basic economic system, evolutionary process, theoretical innovation, improvement pathway

摘要： 坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，是中国共产党多年探索的理论成果，是中国特色社会主义政治经济学的重要理论创新。本文综述了新中国成立以来中国共产党关于所有制结构建立和演进的历程，阐释其深厚的马克思主义政治经济学理论基础与本土化理论创新。通过科学界定新时代“公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展”的新内涵，深入剖析新时代国内外环境深刻变化、多重结构性矛盾叠加交织带来的新挑战，提出在坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”的基础上，促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展，微观层面需破解企业治理与能力短板，中观层面需加强产业协作与机制融合，宏观层面需强化制度协同与政策落地。只有通过“微观赋能—中观协同—宏观保障”的系统性改革，才能推动不同所有制经济从“形式共存”走向“实质共生”，真正释放“共同发展”的制度红利。

关键词:  , 基本经济制度；形成脉络；理论创新；完善路径