Abstract: Enlightenment rationality has facilitated the religious and political emancipation of man, and produced the prosperity of capitalismHowever, it has also led to the decline of traditional values, and trapped the society into a holistic ethical and moral crisisAs a forerunner of postmodernism, Nietzsche was sensitive to problems of the modern civilization and focused on the irrational nature of the individual manHe turned to the “spiritual revolution” to reshape the individual subjectivity to overcome the moral crisis of modernityIn contrast, from the perspective of historical materialism, Marx emphasized the nature of society as the practice of man, and profoundly expounded on selfrealization, the ideal way of being, which is inherent in practiceMarx's critique of the capitalist modernity turned to material life relationsBy institutional critique and revolutionary practice, he completely devastated the foundation of the modernity crisis, and genuinely found a practical way to overcome the spiritual crisis of modernityCompared with Nietzsche's aesthetic cultural critique, Marx's theory of modernity critique based on practical existence undoubtedly shows more practicality and transcendence of the times.

Key words: enlightenment rationality, modernity crisis, individual subjectivity, selfcreation, value

摘要： 启蒙理性促进了人的宗教解放、政治解放，带来了资本主义的繁荣，但也引发了传统价值的衰落，社会陷入整体性的伦理道德危机。作为后现代主义的先驱，尼采敏于感受现代文明的弊病，聚焦于个体的人之非理性本质，诉诸“精神革命”来重塑个体主体性，以克服现代性道德危机。马克思立足于历史唯物主义视域，强调社会的人之实践本质，深刻地阐述了内在于实践的自我实现的理想生存方式，对资本主义现代性批判的视角转向物质的生活关系，通过诉诸制度批判和革命实践，彻底破除了现代性危机的存在性根基，真正找到了一条克服现代性精神危机的现实路径。相较于尼采的审美性的文化批判，马克思奠基于实践生存的现代性批判理论无疑更具现实性和时代超越性。

关键词: 启蒙理性, 现代性危机, 个体主体性, 自我创造, 价值