主管:教育部
主办:中国人民大学
ISSN 0257-2826  CN 11-1454/G4

《教学与研究》 ›› 2010, Vol. ›› Issue (4): 22-28.DOI:

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恩格斯和列宁关于“自由和必然”思想的比较

潘宁   

  1. 上海师范大学, 马克思主义学院, 上海, 200234
  • 收稿日期:2009-12-28 出版日期:2010-04-20 发布日期:2012-03-06
  • 基金资助:
    上海市教委重点学科(第五期)“马克思主义中国化研究”(项目编号:j50407);上海师范大学原创与前瞻性研究课题“改革开放以来中国化马克思主义意识形态建设的基本经验研究”(项目编号:DYW814)的阶段性研究成果

A Comparative Study of Ideas of Freedom and Inevitability by Engels and Lenin

PAN Ning   

  1. School of Marxism Studies, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
  • Received:2009-12-28 Online:2010-04-20 Published:2012-03-06

摘要: 自由和必然关系问题是人的意志和客观规律性的关系问题。这个问题,恩格斯在《反杜林论》中,在吸取黑格尔自由和必然论述中的辩证思想的基础上,将实践唯物主义观点引入自由观,承认客观必然性是自由的前提,自由是对必然的认识,自由是对客观规律的运用和对世界的支配,自由是历史发展的产物,对自由和必然的关系作了唯物主义和辩证的论证。列宁以此为逻辑起点,在《唯物主义和经验批判主义》中,通过引证恩格斯的观点,论述了自由和必然关系的四个认识论前提,强调辩证唯物论从物质第一性、意识第二性出发,承认自然界的必然性,深刻地揭示了自然界必然性与人的意识和意志的辩证关系,指出客观必然性是第一性,自由是第二性的,自由是"盲目的必然性"转化为已被认识的"为我的必然性",实践是实现从必然向自由的转化,使人类成为自然界主人的决定性环节,从而把恩格斯自由和必然思想推向一个新的境界。

关键词: 恩格斯, 列宁, 自由和必然, 比较

Abstract: The relationship between freedom and inevitability is a question of the subjective will of man and the objective law of the world.Engels,in his work of "Anti-Duhring",drew on Hegel’ dialectic ideas of freedom and inevitability and introduced practical materialism to the view of freedom.He admitted that recognition of the objective inevitability was a pre-requisite of freedom,and that freedom came from awareness of inevitability.He also referred to materialism and dialecticism to discuss the relation between freedom and inevitability.According to Engels,freedom meant application of objective regularity and manipulation of the world,and freedom was the product of historical development.Using this as the logical point of departure,Lenin cited the ideas of Engels to explain four cognitive premises of the relationship between freedom and inevitability in his work "Materialism and Experiential Criticism".Lenin emphasized that materialism recognized the inevitability of nature through the understanding that consciousness was second to material.He conducted an in-depth exploration of the dialectic relations of the inevitability of nature,man’s cognition and man’s will power.Lenin pointed out that freedom was subordinated to the objective inevitability.Freedom was "blind inevitability" transferred to the perceived "inevitability for the self".He claimed that practice meant realization of the transfer from inevitability to freedom,which was a crucial step for man to become master of nature.Thus,Lenin upgraded Engels’idea of freedom and inevitability.

Key words: Engels, Lenin, freedom and inevitability, comparison

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