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20 August 1999, Volume 33 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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An Analysis of Industrial Structure Adjustment in the Past 50 Years Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China Li Ping 1999, (8):  5-10,80.  DOI: Abstract ( )   PDF (904KB) ( )   The author holds that the industrial structure that laid emphasis on heavy industry during the "First Five Years"(the period of the First Five year Plan since the founding of the People’s Republic of China)generally agreed with China’s resource conditions and level of economic development then. That structure was tremendously changed by the great leap forward in industry beginning in 1958,which led to disorder of the newly established cooperation in production among various industries. As a result economic development process was brought to a halt. In 1961 the first adjustment of industrial structure started and growth of heavy industry was checked. The second attempt to adjust industrial structure occurred in 1979. This time the adjustment was guided by relatively clearer industrial policies and the planning mechanism played an important role. China underwent a third major adjustment of industrial structure in 1989 when the means of adjustment changed from the traditional resource allotment by planning to making full use of economic levers,such as tax and financing,to guide distribution and flow of resources. In the future,the article maintains,perfection of industrial structure adjustment should move in the direction of co ordinating technical balance among knowledge and technique intensified enterprises. Leading industries and supporting basic industries should be selected to perform crucial functions in industrial development,and a system of industrial structure that encourages internal mutual support and reliance should be established. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Eight Major Social Features of Environment Issues in Contemporary China Hong Dayong 1999, (8):  11-17,80.  DOI: Abstract ( )   PDF (1452KB) ( )   he author believes that environment issues are closely related to social and economic activities of mankind. Therefore,they are marked by important social features. Eight social features of environment issues in contemporary China are listed below. 1. With quickening steps of social transition environment problems are becoming more and more serious;2. Environment problems are found not only in terms of contradictions between man(society)and nature,but also increasingly of conflicting human relationship;3. As long as pollution is concerned,the proportion of pollution caused by daily life activities rises along with the rise of living standard of city dwellers;4. Environment in the cities receives much attention and in certain places it has been greatly alleviated;5. Environment in the countryside has gone out of control and there is evidence that it tends to spread out and the situation may get deteriorated;6. There are signs that environment problems and poverty develop hand in hand and fall into a vicious cycle;7. The sense of environment among citizens is low;8. Environmental problems overlap and mix up with other social problems,making it even more difficult to solve. All these features are linked with the specific transition process of the Chinese society. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure of Human Needs and Its Development in History Li Shumei 1999, (8):  25-31,80.  DOI: Abstract ( )   PDF (658KB) ( )   The structure of human needs is embodied at 3 levels,namely,material needs,social interactional needs,and needs governed by values of life. It is a structure evolved in the course of history. Under circumstances of natural economy the material needs and social interactional needs are limited by natural boundaries,while the spiritual needs are of a vast scale. In the situation of market economy,the author points out,problems caused by material needs and shortage of products is solved by indirect,widespread and socialized links between demand and the ways to meet the demand. At this stage,the social needs become constitutional and democratic,but the negative effect of materialization of social relationships may give rise to swelling of the desire for material things,and thus lead to withering of the needs of values. Now that we are building socialist market economy,it is necessary to maintain the inter level tension so as to achieve balanced development of needs and human beings as well. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of Copenhagen School’s Security Theory Luo Tianhong 1999, (8):  47-53,80.  DOI: Abstract ( )   PDF (1006KB) ( )   The Copenhagen School is a school of critical security study that offers a new system of security theory in response to the expanding scope of security issues since 1980s. According to the Copenhagen security theory,security is an "utterance behavior" with special "rhetoric logic" and "cross sectional" features. However,the author points out,security as a goal is rather limited. A higher goal should be non security. The Copenhagen School identifies 5 security sections and considers these sections perspectives of studying different types of threats and different areas of security. The five sections are as follows:politics,economy,military,society and environment. The theory also attempts to explain the influence of regional aspects over models of security structure by means of "security complex". The Copenhagen School is of typical European style,utilizing theories and methodology of new realism,structuralism and peace research. References | Related Articles | Metrics