Abstract: Since modern times, Western societies have begun to conceive history as a human creation and traced its foundation back to classical civilization based on ancient Greek and Rome, thus giving rise to the spectacular compilation on the history of bourgeoisie. However, the aim of this study is to demonstrate that the use of classical civilization as the foundation of human history is the result of the limitations of bourgeois realities and ideologies. Marx, on the other hand, through the study of prehistoric society, profoundly addresses the important questions of why the bourgeoisie returned to classical civilization in modern society, whether the real historical foundation was established by classical civilization for human society, and how prehistoric culture surpassed classical civilization on the basis of history, and ultimately establishes that prehistoric society is the new foundation of human history. All the above not only reveals the social, economic and political foundations of Marxist communism, but also enables the anthropological orientation of view of Marxs materialist view of history.

Key words: Karl Marx, prehistoric society, human history, communism, classical civilization

摘要： 西方社会自近代以来开始将历史视为人类的创造物，并且将历史创造的基础追溯至以古希腊罗马为基础的古典文明，以此产生出蔚然壮观的资产阶级历史编纂。但本文的研究旨在证明，将古典文明作为人类历史的基础是资产阶级现实诉求和意识形态的局限所致；而马克思通过史前社会研究，深刻剖析了资产阶级为何要在近代社会重返古典文明、古典文明是否为人类社会确立了历史基础、史前文化如何在历史基础上超越古典文明等重要问题，最终将史前社会确立为人类历史的新奠基。这不仅揭示了马克思共产主义的社会基础、经济基础和政治基础，而且还开启了唯物主义历史观的人类学指向。

关键词: 马克思, 史前社会, 人类历史, 共产主义, 古典文明