Abstract: The scientific and technological revolution is an important factor in promoting the development of human productivity and a source of motivation for improving labor productivity. The history of world economy shows that the efficiency of the application of science and technology in the process of material production is not stable. The socalled efficiency includes two aspects: the quality of the material output of science and technology and the scope and degree of its application, with its core influencing factor being the institutional environment. In Critique of Political Economy (manuscript 1861—1863), Marx finds that the essence of capitalist reproduction is to expand reproduction, and the bourgeoisie will have an endogenous incentive to strengthen the research and development of science and technology in order to seize more surplus value in production. Moreover, the intensification of capital competition has led individual capital to continuously increase the organic composition of capital and set up barriers under the premise of market dominance, thus inhibiting the speed of scientific and technological upgrades and innovations. Private ownership of the means of production determines that the efficiency of science and technology application in the process of capitalist reproduction is far lower than its due level, thus resulting in the coexistence of absolute insufficiency and relative surplus in the production of material resources. This reflects the cyclical crisis inherent in the process of capitalist reproduction. In the socialist production process, capital and labor do not stand in strict opposition to each other, and the efficiency of scientific and technological application can be maximally released through the transformation and adjustment of production relations.

Key words: production process, science and technology, labor alienation, new production relations

摘要： 科学技术革命是推动人类生产力发展的重要因素，也是提高劳动生产率的动力源泉。世界经济史表明，物质生产过程中的科学技术应用效率并不稳定，所谓效率包括科学技术的物质产出质量和科技的应用范围及程度两个视角，其核心影响因素是制度环境。马克思在《政治经济学批判（1861—1863年手稿）》中研究发现，资本主义再生产的本质是扩大再生产，资产阶级为了在生产中攫取更多剩余价值会有内生动力加强科学技术的研发应用。同时，资本竞争加剧使个别资本不断提高资本有机构成并在市场占优的前提下设置壁垒，从而抑制科学技术迭代升级的速度。生产资料私有制决定了资本主义再生产过程中科学技术应用效率远低于其应有水平，从而出现物质资料生产绝对不足和相对过剩并存的局面。这一现象体现出资本主义再生产过程所固有的周期性危机特征。在社会主义生产过程中，资本与劳动并非严格对立状态，通过生产关系的变革调整，科学技术应用效率可以得到最大释放。

关键词: 生产过程, 科学技术, 劳动异化, 新型生产关系