Abstract: As the conceptual foundation of the modernization movement in Western Europe, the modernization thought since the Enlightenment involves concerns about universal issues such as reason, freedom, rights, progress and emancipation, which expresses the pursuit of and reflection on the transformation of modern civilization. Through the confrontation with various thoughts of modernization, young Marxs attitude towards the conceptual principles of modernity shifted from following to critical scrutinizing. Based on the historical and theoretical investigation of the modernization process in Germany, France, and Britain, he initially revealed the internal contradictions and evolution trends of the modern bourgeois society. From the period of the Rheinische Zeitung to the eve of the philosophical revolution of 1845, Marx identified the positive effects and limitations of modernization through the bourgeois revolution, grasped the logical clues of modernization development through the private property system, revealed the alienation of modern people through the rule of things over human beings brought about by industrialization, and pointed out the practical tendency of selfnegation and sublation of modernization through the communist movement. By exploring and responding to the “the German form of modern problems”, Marx gradually realized the temporal and spatial intersection of modernization concepts and social reality, as well as the dialectical connection between historical trends and subject choices. From solving the specific problems of Germanstyle modernization to criticizing the universal principles and historical limits of the modern world, he opened up a new revolutionary path for transcending bourgeois political emancipation and achieving universal human emancipation.

Key words: modernization, young Marx, bourgeois revolution, civil society, modernity

摘要： 作为西欧现代化运动的观念基础，启蒙以降的现代化思潮涉及对理性、自由、权利、进步和解放等普遍性问题的关切，表达了对现代文明转型的追寻与反思。通过与诸现代化思潮的交锋，青年马克思从对现代性观念原则的追随转向批判性审视，基于对德、法、英等国现代化进程的历史和理论考察，初步揭示了现代资产阶级社会的内在矛盾及其演进趋势。从《莱茵报》时期到1845年哲学革命的前夕，马克思以资产阶级革命标识出现代化转型的积极效应和局限，以私有财产制度把握现代化发展的逻辑线索，以大工业条件下的物对人的统治揭示现代人的异化生存境遇，以共产主义运动指明现代化之自我否定和扬弃的实践趋向。通过探索和回应“德国式的现代问题”，马克思逐步深化了对现代化观念与社会现实之时空交错、历史趋向与主体选择之辩证联结的认识，从解决德国式现代化的特殊问题上升到对现代世界的普遍原则及其历史限度的批判，为超越资产阶级政治解放、实现普遍的人的解放开辟了新的革命路径。

关键词: 现代化, 青年马克思, 资产阶级革命, 市民社会, 现代性