Abstract: The special nature of data as a factor of production and its importance in the digital economy have gradually attracted attention from all walks of life, but its ownership is still unclear. At present, the data in the Internet space are owned by the corresponding enterprises by default, which has led to many social problems. Combining the unique attributes of data with the social status quo of some private data, this paper proposes a model of data ownership structure from a Marxist perspective: the original data are classified and protected, the data infrastructure is publicly owned as a means of production, and data products are owned by all workers as labor products. We can refer to the different development stages of land ownership in the transformation of data ownership, in which the common ownership of the means of production by all laborers can be realized. China's practical experience on ownership issues will help to explore a data ownership structure that is more feasible and sustainable, and contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions to global data governance.

Key words: data ownership, Marxism, digital economy, ownership structure

摘要： 数据作为一种生产要素的特殊性质及其在数字经济中的重要性已经逐渐被社会各界关注，但其所有权问题尚不清晰。当前互联网空间中的数据被默认归属于相应企业所有，这一现状导致了诸多的社会问题。本文结合数据的独特属性与部分数据私有的社会现状，提出一个基于马克思主义视角的数据所有权结构设计：原始数据进行分类保护、数据基础设施作为生产资料实行公有、数据产品作为劳动产品归属全体劳动者。数据所有权的变革路径可以借鉴土地所有权所经历的不同阶段，最终实现全体劳动者对生产资料的共同所有。我国在所有权问题上已有的实践经验有助于探索一个更为合理的数据所有权结构，并为全球范围内的数据治理贡献中国方案与中国智慧。

关键词: 数据所有权, 马克思主义, 数字经济, 所有权结构