Abstract: The digital economy has penetrated into all aspects of production and life, and the attribute of data as a factor of production has been widely recognized. The process of data items being “used” is the process of the evolution of its valueform, as well as the process of its value proliferation and capitalization. The platform is not only a “factory” for processing data items, but also an important intermediary to realize the movement of their values. The digital platform completes the production and realization of surplus value through the production process and circulation process of data commodities, thus forming a capital accumulation process with data commodities as the core. Data capital owners grab a greater share of the digital dividends brought by data items, while users who provide raw materials, workers who maintain the normal operation of the platform, and smallsized producers who preserve the vitality of the platform are in a dominated status, which destroys the fairness of distribution. The exclusive ownership of data lacks legitimacy, which is not in line with the generative characteristics of data items. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify data ownership to reshape the income distribution pattern. At this stage, we need to grant the platforms the right to use data to promote their development; while at the same time, we need to attach great attention to the redistribution of dividends to the user. In the long run, we can search for a path of data public ownership under the socialist system, and tackle the roots of the problem of unreasonable distribution.

Key words: data, factors of production, distribution relations, ownership

摘要： 数字经济已经渗透到生产生活的方方面面，数据的生产要素属性已经被广泛认可。数据要素被“使用”的过程就是其价值形态演进的过程，也是其价值增殖和资本化的过程，平台既是加工数据要素的“工厂”，也是实现数据要素价值运动的重要中介。平台通过数据商品的生产过程和流通过程，完成了剩余价值的生产和实现，从而形成了以数据商品为核心的资本积累过程。数据资本所有者攫取了数据要素带来的大部分数字红利，而提供数据原料的用户、维护平台正常运行的劳动者和保持平台活力的小生产者反而处于一种被支配的地位，这有违分配的公平性。数据资本所有者独占数据既缺乏法理基础，也有悖数据要素的生成特性，因此，亟需明确数据所有权以重塑收益分配格局。在现阶段，我们需要赋予平台组织数据用益权以促发展，但同时需要注意数据收益的再分配向用户倾斜；从长远看，我们可以探索社会主义制度下的数据公有制道路，从根源上解决分配不合理的问题。

关键词: 数据, 生产要素, 分配关系, 所有权