Abstract: What Is To Be Done? is a classic work by Lenin that systematically criticizes the trend of economism in Russia. It identifies the root cause of this trend which lies in the blind worship of spontaneity and the downplaying of the role of socialist consciousness in the workers movement, emphasizing the necessity to elevate Party building to a conscious level. Lenin not only profoundly expounds on why and how ideological construction should be conscious but also creatively points out the premise and foundational role of ideological construction in political and organizational construction, thereby laying substantial groundwork for establishing a genuine Marxist party in Russia. Lenins profound understanding of the dialectical relationship between “spontaneity” and “consciousness” essentially answers the major questions of whether and how to conduct ideological and political education. A full comprehension of Lenins scientific analysis of and practical approach to the ideological consciousness, political firmness, and organizational unity of Marxist parties in What Is To Be Done? has significant theoretical and practical value for Party building in the new era.

Key words: Lenin, What Is To Be Done?, spontaneity, consciousness

摘要： 《怎么办？》是列宁系统批判俄国经济主义思潮的经典著作，在其中列宁指出这种思潮的根源在于盲目崇拜工人运动中的自发性并降低社会主义意识在工人运动中的作用，强调必须将党的建设上升到自觉的高度。列宁不仅深刻阐明了思想建设为何自觉以及何以自觉，并且创造性地指出了思想建设对政治建设和组织建设的前提性和基础性作用，为在俄国建立一个真正的马克思主义政党做了充分思想理论准备。列宁对于“自发”与“自觉”辩证关系的深刻理解，在实质上回答了要不要进行思想政治教育，怎样进行思想政治教育的重大问题。深刻把握《怎么办？》中列宁对于马克思主义政党思想自觉、政治坚定与组织统一的科学研判和实践理路，对于新时代党的建设具有重要的理论和实践价值。

关键词: 列宁, 《怎么办？》, 自发, 自觉