Abstract: Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in governing the country, establishing the system of “the Partys leadership over higher education institutions” and exercising the Partys leadership over higher education institutions are important issues facing the higher education in China. In the early years of the Peoples Republic of China, higher education institutions implemented the “president responsibility system” and established the Partys leadership over these institutions by strategically deploying Party members and cadres, promoting the establishment of Party organizations, and establishing political work systems. As shortcomings in the president responsibility system became increasingly evident, the CPC reformed the institutional framework to explore more effective mechanisms for implementing the Partys leadership over higher education institutions. In 1956, in accordance with the spirit of the Eighth National Congress of the CPC and the provisions of the Party Constitution, higher education institutions explored transitioning from the president responsibility system to the Party committee system in practice, for which the CPC Central Committee did not have specific regulations yet. After the Partys rectification movement in 1957, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Instructions on Education Work” in 1958, which clearly defined this system as “a responsibility system of the school affairs committee under the leadership of the Party committee”. In response to the deviations in the implementation of the system after the “education revolution”, the system was developed into “a responsibility system of the school affairs committee headed by the president under the leadership of the Party committee”, as stated in “Sixty Articles on Higher Education” in 1961 that the Party organizations at the level of departments and teaching and research sections played a supervisory and supportive role. After the institutional construction and practical exploration during this historical period, the Party committee system has become a fundamental institutional arrangement for the CPCs leadership over higher education institutions, laying the institutional foundation for the mature and finalized “president responsibility system under the leadership of the Party committee” in the new period.

Key words: the Communist Party of China, the Partys leadership system, the Party committee system in higher education institutions, the Party's leadership over higher education institutions

摘要： 在全国执政条件下，建立“党管高校”制度，确立党对高校的领导权，是我国高等教育面临的重要课题。新中国成立初期，高校实行校长负责制，通过调配党员干部、推动建立党组织、建立政治工作制度等方式，确立党对高校的领导地位。伴随校长负责制弊病显露，中共改变校长负责制，探索高校党的领导的实现形式。1956年，依据党的八大精神和党章规定，高校从实践上探索校长负责制向党委制过渡的形式，而中共中央对党委制并无具体规定。经过1957年全党整风后的认识强化，1958年中共中央、国务院下发的《关于教育工作的指示》将这一制度明确规定为“党委领导下的校务委员会负责制”。针对“教育革命”以后制度实施中的偏差，1961年“高教六十条”将其发展为“党委领导下的以校长为首的校务委员会负责制”，并明确系和教研室一级党组织发挥监督保障作用。经过这一历史时期的制度创设与实践探索，高校党委制成为中国共产党领导高等学校的一项根本制度安排，为新时期“党委领导下的校长负责制”的成熟定型奠定了制度根基。

关键词: 中国共产党, 党的领导制度, 高校党委制, 党管高校