Abstract: Marx, based on the interactive narrative structure of “human essence” and “human needs”, defines the essential human need as the socially oriented “selfrealization of human beings”. This “selfrealization of human beings” is directly manifested as labor becoming the “primary necessity of life”. The fulfillment of this need is inherently linked to the institutional conditions under which labor operates and possesses an evolutionary nature within historical development. The “selfrealization of human beings” signifies the “realization of freedom”, encompassing a transcendent freedom premised on overcoming natural necessity. On this basis, Marx articulates the historical pathway to achieving “selfrealization of human beings” through the logical mutual construction of “need satisfaction and free labor”. The abundant and rich needs of “selfrealization of human beings” must be grounded in sensuous productive labor. This requires not only a significant enhancement of labor productivity but also the continuous refinement of human essential powers through free labor within just and rational social relations. Furthermore, labor under the influence of capital has a onesided “promoting” effect on achieving “selfrealization of human beings”. From a dialectical historical perspective, “selfrealization of human beings” is not an abstract category that exists in a specific future historical stage but rather a historical category that adapts to social reality and continuously evolves. In this sense, “dignified and fulfilling labor” constitutes the contemporary form of achieving “selfrealization of human beings”.

Key words: self-realization of human beings, labor, needs, socialism with Chinese characteristics

摘要： 马克思以“人的本质”和“人的需要”的交互叙事结构，将人的本质需要界定为社会性的“人的自我实现”。“人的自我实现”直接表现为劳动成为“生活的第一需要”，这种需要的达成与劳动所处的制度条件必然相关，且具有历史发展的过程性质；“人的自我实现”意味着“自由的实现”，内含着以克服自然必然性为前提的自由超越性。在此基础上，马克思以“需要满足与自由劳动”的逻辑互构方式，阐释了“人的自我实现”达成的历史路径。充盈的、丰富的“人的自我实现”需要必须以感性的生产劳动为基础，其不仅要求劳动生产力的显著提升，而且要求在公正合理的社会关系下，通过自由劳动不断完善人的本质力量；此外，资本作用下的劳动对于“人的自我实现”具有片面性“促进”作用。基于辩证的历史视野，“人的自我实现”不是存在于未来特定历史阶段的抽象范畴，而是一个与社会现实相适应、不断运动发展的历史范畴。在此意义上，“体面的、幸福的劳动”构成了“人的自我实现”达成的新时代样态。

关键词: 人的自我实现, 劳动, 需要, 中国特色社会主义