Abstract: Forms of ownership in precapitalist societies are characterized by a multiplicity of overlapping qualities, making it impossible to totally understand them clearly and precisely. In view of this, one of the explanatory paths offered by historical materialism is that the historical formation of ownership in these societies is subjected to a combination of intertwined and intermingled factors, which leads to the multiple attributes of the concept. This is a powerful way of explanation, but it is based on the premise that the concept of “ownership” is capable of accurately capturing reality, which is reconsidered by the alternative explanatory path offered by historical materialism. The traditional meaning of “ownership” (Eigentum/property/propriété) includes the provision of private ownership. It understands precapitalist forms of ownership in terms of private ownership as a prototype, regarding them as complex variations of private ownership, which results in the multiple attributes of the concept. Moreover, this way of understanding also has the class attribute of defending capitalism. Marxs innovative understanding of the concept of “ownership” and his prototypical understanding of the phenomenon of ownership in terms of public ownership provide us with an important perspective for understanding the phenomenon of ownership beyond the bourgeois discourse.

Key words: School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China

摘要： 前资本主义社会的所有制形式交叉重叠着多种性质，使我们无法清晰准确地把握到它们。面对这种现象，历史唯物主义提供的一种解释路径是，这些社会的所有制的历史形成过程受到多种相互纠缠混杂的因素的共同作用，导致它们具有多重性质。这是一种有力的解释方式，但它以“所有”这个概念能够准确把握现实为前提。历史唯物主义提供的另一种解释路径是反思这个前提。“所有”概念（Eigentum/property/propriété）的传统词义包含私人所有的规定，它以私有制为原型去理解前资本主义所有制形式，将它们视为私有制的复杂变种形式，导致它们呈现出多重性质的性质，而且这种理解方式还具有为资本主义辩护的阶级属性。马克思对“所有”概念有创新性的理解，并以公有制为原型来理解所有制现象，为我们超越资产阶级话语来理解所有制现象提供重要的视角。

关键词: 所有制, 前资本主义, Eigentum, 私有制