Abstract: Human societys constructions are predicated upon the idea of “the economic base determines the superstructure” in Marxs theory. The understandings of Lukács and the Budapest School on the relationship between the economic base and the superstructure are both intersecting and diverging. The convergence is manifested in the fact that Lukács, starting from the capitalist mode of production and economic structure, criticizes the capitalist commodity economy and society, reveals the root cause of the emergence of materialized consciousness and class consciousness, and explores the necessity of socialist democratic construction; the Budapest School also analyzes and criticizes fascism, capitalism and the Soviet model from the perspective of economic structure, and explores a new socialist model. The divergence of the two lies in that: first, Lukács focuses on and reconstructs the overall relationship between the economic base and the superstructure, while the Budapest School believes that Lukács falls into economic determinism and reductionism because of the view that “the economic base determines the superstructure”; second,Lukács affirms Soviet socialism and its democracy and opposes the replacement of socialist democracy with bourgeois democracy, while the Budapest School moves from criticism to negation of the Soviet model and takes a reserved attitude towards capitalist democracy. The Budapest Schools denial of the primary principle of Marxist economics has led to a huge difference in their understanding of socialism from that of Lukács and Marx, and from the true meaning of historical materialism.

Key words: economic base, superstructure, Lukács, the Budapest School

摘要： “经济基础决定上层建筑”是马克思主义对人类社会发展规律的揭示。卢卡奇和布达佩斯学派对经济基础与上层建筑关系的理解既有交汇又有疏离。交汇表现在，卢卡奇从资本主义生产方式和经济结构出发，批判资本主义商品经济社会，揭示物化意识与阶级意识产生的根由，探索社会主义民主建设的必要性；布达佩斯学派亦从经济结构的角度分析和批判法西斯主义、资本主义和苏联模式，探索新的社会主义模式。疏离表现在，卢卡奇关注并重构经济基础与上层建筑之间的总体性关系，而布达佩斯学派则认为卢卡奇因“经济基础决定上层建筑”的观点而陷入了经济决定论和还原论；卢卡奇肯定苏联社会主义及其民主，反对以资产阶级民主取代社会主义民主，而布达佩斯学派对苏联模式从批判走向否定，对资本主义民主采取保留态度。布达佩斯学派对马克思主义经济第一原则的否定，导致他们对社会主义的理解与卢卡奇和马克思的理解存在巨大差异，也离历史唯物主义的真谛越来越远。

关键词: 经济基础, 上层建筑, 卢卡奇, 布达佩斯学派