Abstract: Among contemporary Western critical theories of society, the critical theory developed by the Frankfurt School is unique because of its distinct political standpoint. As one of the most prominent members of the Frankfurt School, Marcuse produces his version of critical theory of society that outlines an alternative plan for radical social change under the guidance of his biopolitical conception. Combining the perspectives of Marxism, existentialism, Freudianism, the New Left and others alike, and referring to the experience of contemporary Western new social movements, Marcuse discusses the dialectics of liberation that the society transitions from repressive civilization to nonrepressive civilization. He regards biopolitics as the politicization of erotic energies and the resistance initiated by individual bodies and minds, and labels it “firstperson politics”. From this firstperson biopolitical perspective, Marcuse puts forward a theory of human liberation that is different from the classic Marxist theory, and thus to a certain extent, has influenced the New Left's theory of social change today. 

Key words: social criticism, biopolitics, non-repressive civilization, logic of satisfaction, repressive civilization, the new human beings

摘要： 在当代西方社会批判理论阵营中，法兰克福学派的社会批判理论因其鲜明的政治立场而独树一帜。作为法兰克福学派的理论代表，马尔库塞的社会批判理论更是在其生命政治的指向下，为世人勾勒出了一种激进社会变革的替代性方案。他在综合了马克思主义、存在主义、弗洛伊德主义、新左翼等思想观点的基础之上，并结合当代西方新社会运动的实际斗争经验，探讨了从压抑性文明走向非压抑性文明的解放辩证法。他将生命政治看作是爱欲能量的政治化和个体身心发起的反抗斗争，并且将其称之为“第一人称的政治”。基于这种第一人称的生命政治逻辑，马尔库塞提出了不同于经典马克思主义版本的人类解放理论，因而也在一定程度上影响了当今新左翼的社会变革思想。

关键词: 社会批判, 生命政治, 非压抑性文明, 满足的逻辑, 压抑性文明, 新人类