Abstract: The difference between utopian and scientific socialism lies not only in the “theoretical content” but also in the “methodology”. The “historical heterogeneity” and “historical external causation” encompassed in utopian socialism itself is the methodological root of its “utopian” nature. The fact that scientific socialism has been able to realize the development of socialism from being “utopian” to “scientific” is inseparable from its methodological nature of “historical selfcausation” and “historical internal causation”. An indepth grasp of the differences between the two methodologies has certain enlightening significance for exploring the socialist construction in contemporary China.

Key words: scientific socialism, methodology, historical materialism, materialist dialectics

摘要： 空想社会主义理论与科学社会主义理论的区别不仅表现在“理论内容”方面，更表现在“方法论”上。空想社会主义理论自身所具有的“历史他因论”和“历史外因论”性质，是其之所以带有“空想”性质的方法论根源。科学社会主义之所以能够实现社会主义从“空想”到“科学”的发展，与其在方法论上具有“历史自因论”和“历史内因论”的性质是分不开的。深入把握二者在方法论上的差异，对于思考当代中国的社会主义建设具有一定的启示意义。

关键词: 科学社会主义, 方法论, 唯物史观, 唯物辩证法