Abstract: Based on a review of relevant literature, the paper analyzes some basic concepts of scientific socialism. These concepts include the following: working class or proletariat under circumstances of capitalist system and the new working class under circumstances of socialist system; peasantry in the old society that consisted of several classes and the peasant class in the socialist society. Clarification of these basic concepts is of important significance in the study of basic principles of scientific socialism and socialism characteristic of the Chinese style.

Key words: proletariat , working class , peasantry , peasant class

摘要： 本文结合理论界存在的一些实际问题，对科学社会主义的若干基本概念做了辨析，即：资本主义条件下的工人阶级即无产阶级和社会主义条件下的新工人阶级；旧社会中由多个阶级组成的农民阶层和社会主义社会中的农民阶级。搞清这些基本概念，对于研究科学社会主义基本原理和中国特色社会主义理论，具有至关重要的意义。

关键词: 无产阶级 , 工人阶级 , 农民阶层 , 农民阶级