关键词: 政治国家, 具体普遍性, 私有财产, 货币

Abstract: he critique and transcendence of political rationality constituted one of Marx's early important theoretical themes. At that time, Marx equated political reason with universality. However, through the study of Hegel's logically rational state and the real political democracy after the bourgeois political revolutions, he found that the real field giving rise to universality was not the political state, but rather the civil society. In his “Criticism of Hegel's Legal Philosophy” and “On the Jewish Question”, Marx analyzed two specific forms of private property, namely land and currency. In the Middle Ages, primogeniture indicated the political significance of land; while in the modern society, currency per se possesses universality and the attribute of power. In fact, land is not the same as currency. Land is only a natural object, while currency is a product of the human labor. Based on the difference between these two types of private property, Marx revealed that although currency is universal, it does not create universality, which led him to turn to the subject of creation and the key field of universality, ie. the labor of the proletariat. This established his later theoretical focus and development direction in which the critique of economy was emphasized in the critique of capitalism.

Key words: political state, concrete universal, private property, currency