关键词: 列宁, 《怎么办？》, 自发, 自觉

Abstract: What Is To Be Done? is a classic work by Lenin that systematically criticizes the trend of economism in Russia. It identifies the root cause of this trend which lies in the blind worship of spontaneity and the downplaying of the role of socialist consciousness in the workers movement, emphasizing the necessity to elevate Party building to a conscious level. Lenin not only profoundly expounds on why and how ideological construction should be conscious but also creatively points out the premise and foundational role of ideological construction in political and organizational construction, thereby laying substantial groundwork for establishing a genuine Marxist party in Russia. Lenins profound understanding of the dialectical relationship between “spontaneity” and “consciousness” essentially answers the major questions of whether and how to conduct ideological and political education. A full comprehension of Lenins scientific analysis of and practical approach to the ideological consciousness, political firmness, and organizational unity of Marxist parties in What Is To Be Done? has significant theoretical and practical value for Party building in the new era.

Key words: Lenin, What Is To Be Done?, spontaneity, consciousness