主管：教育部
主办：中国人民大学
ISSN 0257-2826  CN 11-1454/G4
教学与研究

教学与研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (8): 29-41.

• 马克思主义基本理论 • 上一篇    下一篇

马克思的“物质”概念新解——以近代唯物主义理解“物质”概念的两条路径为背景

  

  1. 北京大学马克思主义学院
  • 出版日期:2025-08-16 发布日期:2025-08-07
  • 作者简介:赵立凯,北京大学马克思主义学院助理研究员、博雅博士后（北京 100871）。

New Interpretation of Marx's Concept of “Matter”: Based on Two Ways of Understanding the Concept of “Matter” in Modern Materialism

  1. School of Marxism, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Online:2025-08-16 Published:2025-08-07

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摘要： 近代唯物主义对“物质”概念的理解存在两条路径，其一是“机械唯物主义”路径，以霍布斯、笛卡尔哲学为主要代表，影响及于18世纪法国唯物主义；其二是“感性唯物主义”路径，以培根、费尔巴哈哲学为主要代表。马克思的“物质”概念主要源自于“感性唯物主义”的“感性物质”思想，并在继承黑格尔辩证法的基础上获得辩证本性。马克思内含“感性”与“辩证法”双重原则的“物质”概念由于自身的辩证法而同时具有“感性存在”与“形式定在”二重结构，其中，“形式定在”内生于“感性存在”。这一“物质”概念思想是马克思把握“可感觉而又超感觉”的对象、创立历史唯物主义和马克思主义政治经济学的根本所在。列宁继承了马克思的“物质”概念思想，只有把列宁的“物质”定义与《哲学笔记》中的辩证唯物主义思想结合起来，才能全面把握列宁“物质”概念及其与马克思“物质”概念的统一性、一致性。


关键词: 物质, 感性, 辩证法, 感性存在, 形式定在

Abstract: The concept of “matter” in modern materialism has been developed along two pathways. The first one is mechanistic materialism, represented primarily by Hobbes and Descartes that influenced French materialism in the 18th century. The second is “sensuous materialism”, chiefly reflected in the philosophy of Bacon and Feuerbach. Marxs concept of “matter” originates primarily from the view of “sensuous matter” in sensuous materialism, while acquiring its dialectical character through inheriting Hegelian dialectics. Marxs concept of “matter”, which integrates the principles of both sensuousness and dialectics, manifests a dual structure of “sensuous being” and “Daesin”, wherein “Daesin” emerges immanently from “sensuous being”. This conceptual framework is the basis for Marx to grasp objects as “senseable and supersenseable”, and to establish historical materialism and Marxist political economy. Lenin inherits Marxs concept of matter. Only by integrating Lenins definition of “matter” with the thought of dialectical materialism articulated in Notes on Philosophy can we holistically comprehend Lenins concept of “matter” and its unity and consistency with Marxs concept of “matter”.


Key words: matter, sensuousness, dialectics, sensuous being, Dasein