主管：教育部
主办：中国人民大学
ISSN 0257-2826  CN 11-1454/G4
教学与研究

教学与研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (6): 68-80.

• 中国特色社会主义政治经济学研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

公有制的历史性质与劳动的社会主义形式

  

  1. 安徽大学经济与社会发展高等研究院
  • 出版日期:2025-06-15 发布日期:2025-06-13
  • 作者简介:荣兆梓，安徽大学经济与社会发展高等研究院执行院长、教授（安徽 合肥 230601 ）。

The Historical Nature of Public Ownership and the Socialist Forms of Labor

  1. Institute for Advanced Study of Economic and Social Development, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
  • Online:2025-06-15 Published:2025-06-13

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摘要： 社会主义公有制区别于共产主义高级阶段公有制的历史特征是：1它由无产阶级专政的国家机器组织和引领，而不是“自由人联合体”；2它有两种基本形式——全民所有制和集体所有制，而不是涵盖全社会生产资料的社会所有制；3社会主义公有产权具有市场交易所必需的排他性，能够与产权多元化的市场经济高度融合；4社会主义公有制具有二重规定性，其生产资料的公有制与劳动力个人所有制不可分割地联系在一起。要理解社会主义生产资料公有制的本质特征，就必须深入剖析公有制经济中劳动者相互关系的特点，清晰界定社会主义劳动区别于其他所有社会形态的特殊规定性，把握劳动的社会主义形式。本文认为，可以将劳动的社会主义形式概括为平等劳动，一种以劳动为尺度的平等关系，平等劳动建立在劳动能力不平等的基础上。平等劳动既反映了社会主义劳动的历史进步性，同时也反映了社会主义劳动的历史局限性，二重性质的结合才是完整意义上社会主义劳动的历史性质。由于平等劳动内在的矛盾性，其实现需要一种特殊的制度安排，叫作“公产代理制”，中国共产党是公有产权的“主动代理人”，中国共产党的领导作为一种制度安排，包含在平等劳动的制度基因中。


关键词: 公有制的历史特征, 劳动的社会主义形式, 平等劳动, 公有产权代理人

Abstract: The historical features that distinguish socialist public ownership from public ownership in the advanced stage of communism are as follows. First, socialist public ownership is organized and guided by the state apparatus of the proletarian dictatorship, rather than the “free association of individuals”; second, it comprises two primary forms—state ownership and collective ownership—instead of a unified social ownership encompassing all means of production; third, socialist public property retains the exclusivity required for market transactions, enabling its integration with a market economy characterized by diversified property rights; and forth, socialist public ownership has a dual nature, where the public ownership of the means of production is inseparably linked with the individual ownership of labor power. To understand the essential characteristics of socialist public ownership of the means of production, it is essential to analyze the relational dynamics among laborers within the public sector, clarify the unique attributes of socialist labor that distinguish it from that under other social systems, and understand the socialist forms of labor. This article argues that the socialist form of labor can be conceptualized as equal labor, which is an equal relationship measured by labor yet rooted in unequal labor capacities. Equal labor not only reflects the historical progressiveness of socialist labor but also its historical limitations, with their interplay defining the complete historical nature of socialist labor. Due to the inherent contradictions within equal labor, its realization requires a unique institutional framework termed the “agency system of public property”. The Communist Party of China (CPC) serves as the “active agent” of public property rights. The CPC’s leadership, as an institutional arrangement, is included in the institutional genes of equal labor.


Key words: historical features of public ownership, socialist forms of labor, equal labor, agents of public property