Abstract: From the perspective of political economy, agricultural products are both basic materials necessary for human society and commodities in circulation, thus becoming a carrier for commercial and financial capital to seek profits. Ensuring the supply of agricultural products has two implications. First, it means that the total supply of agricultural products should match the total demand for agricultural food. Second, major systemic risks along the supply chain of agricultural products should be prevented. The use of inputs and the choice of technologies by agricultural production units, the basic conditions of agricultural production, and the organization and institution of the agricultural economy are pivotal factors that affect the supply capacity of agricultural products. The agricultural commodity market and supply chain that are deeply coupled with the international financial and monetary system are important factors affecting the supply capacity of agricultural products. In the new stage of development, China should properly respond to both the challenges of changes in agricultural food demand and increased risks in the supply chain of international agricultural products.