Abstract: The core of the “Jewish question” is about how the Jews were emancipated within the modernity framework: emancipated as human beings or as Jews. Bruno Bauer proposed a solution of assimilation, requiring the abandonment of religious particularity by the Jews and Christians and assimilation of them into “human beings”. Distinct from this Enlightenment approach, Marx raised a different question through discussions of political emancipation. He argued that the Jews could not be emancipated within the modernity framework; they could only be genuinely emancipated by transcending modernity. After the debates between political Zionism and cultural Zionism, the Jews finally reestablished Israel. Nevertheless, the rebuilding of this Jewish state is not the realization of emancipation, for the Jews are still trapped in the modernity dilemma of the “war of all against all”. Marx's discussions of the “Jewish question” have historical implications, i.e. for a nation with a long history, a profound culture, and numerous sufferings to be emancipated and revitalized, modernity must be simultaneously obtained and transcended. For the Chinese who are committed to the national rejuvenation, it is necessary to bear in mind lessons from the Jews and teachings of Marx, and pursue the unification of the Chinese emancipation and human emancipation based on the transcendence of the modern capitalist civilization.