Abstract: As a historical theory that analyzes the general laws of the development of human society, Marxist philosophy of history is the condensed account of the worldview Marx and Engels developed about human history based on the bourgeois society. In his later years, Engels engaged in anthropological research; based on the empirical evidence on prehistoric and Eastern societies, he set up topics in four aspects: historical origin, historical path, historical root, and historical value, expanded the scope of the concept of “history” in the existing philosophy of history to the overall history of mankind, which includes “prehistory” and “oriental history”, and highlighted the role of kinship culture, ethnic cultural environment, social and cultural structure, and religious and cultural concepts in the promotion of historical changes and transformations. The philosophy of history based on ethnic practices eliminates the abstract interpretation of the bourgeois “general philosophy of history” and reveals the impermanence of bourgeois society with realistic provisions on the scope and applicable conditions of “history”, and then provides direction for the future form of communist society. The anthropological research of Engels in his later years had a philosophical height, a historical depth, and a cultural breadth, realizing the intrinsic integration of Marxist anthropology and the value orientation of scientific socialism, and enriching the cultural significance of Marxist philosophy of history.

Key words: anthropology, Engels in his later years, philosophy of history, philosophy of culture, practice

摘要： 作为阐析人类社会发展一般规律的历史理论，马克思主义历史哲学是马克思恩格斯立足资产阶级社会从后思索人类历史的思想凝结。晚年恩格斯在从事人类学研究的过程中，基于史前社会和东方社会的实证材料，从历史起源、历史道路、历史根源、历史价值四个层面立题，将既有历史哲学的“历史”射程扩展至囊括“史前史”与“东方史”的人类整体历史之中，并从中凸显了亲属血缘文化、民族文化环境、社会文化结构、宗教文化观念对于历史更替与变革的推动作用。这种立足民族实践之上的历史哲学祛除了资产阶级“一般历史哲学”的抽象释义，以对“历史”界限范围与适用条件的现实性规定揭示了资产阶级社会的非永恒性，进而为透视共产主义社会的未来形态提供了方向指引。晚年恩格斯的人类学研究兼具哲学的高度、历史的深度、文化的广度，实现了马克思主义人类学与科学社会主义价值导向的内在嵌合，丰富了马克思主义历史哲学的文化意蕴。

关键词: 人类学, 晚年恩格斯, 历史哲学, 文化哲学, 实践