Abstract: Although Karl Marx and Ludwig Wittgenstein both lived in the same age of modernity, they, in view of the differences in problem focus and degree of development of the times, had quite different attitudes toward a series of social and cultural issues, and had profound but different implications for future generations. Based on the theoretical need to develop a practical materialism and the serious social horizontal conflicts in the early stage of modernity, Marx attached great importance to the decisive role of social existence on cultural concepts, emphasized the profound influence of science and technology on social production and culture, and held a comparatively radical attitude towards the evolution of cultural forms. However, in the face of the historical task of defending the independence of language and culture and the historical vertical conflicts of different cultural forms in the midterm of modernity, Wittgenstein paid more attention to the description of spiritual life, objected to the erosion of science and technology into social values, and adhered to a comparatively conservative attitude toward the existence and continuation of culture. Therefore, we need to analyze the similar but differentiated positions and solutions of Marx and Wittgenstein against the background of modernity, and explore the complementary role and positive significance of their original ideas in solving the cultural problems of our times. 

Key words: Karl Marx, Ludwig Wittgenstein, modernity, view of social culture

摘要： 马克思与维特根斯坦都处于现代性展开的同一大时代，但是鉴于问题研究重心的不同和时代展开程度的差异，他们形成对于社会文化一系列问题的不同态度，并对后世产生深远却有别的影响。基于确立实践唯物主义立场的理论需要以及现代性展开初期严重的社会横向冲突，马克思十分重视社会存在对文化观念的决定作用，强调科学技术在社会生产和文化中的深刻影响，对文化形态的演进持比较激进的变革态度；而面对捍卫语言文化独立性的历史任务和现代性展开中期不同文化形态的历史纵向冲突，维特根斯坦更为关注精神生活的样态描述，反对科学技术对文化价值的侵蚀，对文化的存续站相对保守的改良立场。我们需要从大的时代背景分析马克思与维特根斯坦相似又相异的问题处境和解决思路，从中探寻他们的原创性思想对于解决我们当下时代文化问题的互补作用和积极意义。

关键词: 马克思, 维特根斯坦, 现代性, 社会文化观