Abstract: The issue of the logic and truth of thinking is both a scientific question that concerns all cognitive sciences and a foundational problem that underpins all scientific inquiry. To address this, Aristotle was the first to construct a metalogical system concerning inference and argumentation, thereby inaugurating the metaphysical construction of formal logic. Kant, recognizing the intrinsic connection between the function of formal logic and human cognitive capacities, advanced a “Copernican Revolution” in the relationship between thinking and truth within a framework of transcendental logic. In an effort to overcome the nonautonomous and nondialectical limitations of transcendental logic, later German classical philosophers undertook extraordinary explorations of the first principles of epistemology within the speculative system of transcendental idealism. Building on a critical reflection on the paradoxical identity of dialectics of thinking in logic and truth, Marx, in his interpretation and construction of practical dialectics, revealed the historical, developmental, and transformative dimensions of thinking, logic, and truth, which have been further developed in modern and contemporary philosophy. This issue of the logic and truth of thinking is thus not only a concrete and contemporary manifestation of the relationship between thinking and existence but also an enduringly relevant and foundational topic that continues to inspire new philosophical thought. 

Key words: thinking, formal logic, transcendental logic, dialectical logic, truth

摘要： 思维的逻辑与真理问题既是一个事关一切认知科学的科学性问题，也是一个事关一切科学的“基础的基础”问题。为此，亚里士多德率先建构起了一种关于推理论证的元逻辑体系，开启了形式逻辑形上建构的先河。康德洞察到了形式逻辑的功能与人的认识能力之间的内在关联，在一种先验逻辑的架构内推动了思维与真理的“哥白尼革命”。为了摆脱先验逻辑的非自主性与非辩证性困境，德国古典哲学的后继者们在先验唯心论的思辨体系中，展开了知识学第一原理的卓绝探索。基于对思维辩证论在逻辑与真理上同一性悖论的反思，马克思在实践辨证论的阐释和建构中，揭示了思维、逻辑与真理的历史的、发展的、变化的等现实性与生成性内涵，并在现当代哲学中得到进一步发展。思维的逻辑与真理问题既是思维与存在关系的具体化和时代化课题，也是一个常谈常新、开宗立派的论题。

关键词: 思维, 形式逻辑, 先验逻辑, 辩证逻辑, 真理