Abstract: The concept of “true democracy” is Karl Marxs first political proposal, which arises from his examination of Hegel's thought in Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right in 1843. While Marx and Hegel share important similarities in addressing issues of the separation of civil society and the political state, with the aim to overcome the atomization of modern society, their differences lie in whether this goal can be achieved through intermediary mechanisms. Hegel believes that people are ignorant and atomistic, and thus establishes the“system of mediation” illuminated by the Estates; however, Marx argues that people themselves are universal, which means the intermediary mechanisms as such are neither complete nor necessary, and thus proposes the idea of “true democracy”. This is Marx's attempt to surpass the paradigm of the separation between civil society and the political state. Despite its limitations, the positive perspective on the relationship between individuals and the state it implied not only serves as the theoretical basis for Marx's later exploration of the future society, but also provides an opportunity for him to turn to the study of civil society in the next step.

Key words: true democracy, people, mediation, the Estates, society

摘要： 作为马克思提出的第一个政治构想，“真正的民主制”是马克思1843年在《黑格尔法哲学批判》中与黑格尔思想交锋的成果。马克思和黑格尔的共同问题域是市民社会与政治国家的分离，他们都以克服现代社会的原子化为目标，分歧则在于能否经由中介机制实现这一目标。黑格尔认为人民是无知的原子式个体，因此制定了以等级为中介的调和方案，马克思则认为，人自身具有普遍性，因此中介机制既不彻底也无必要，并在此基础上提出了“真正的民主制”。这是马克思突破市民社会与政治国家分离框架的一次尝试，尽管存在局限性，但其中蕴含的个体与国家关系的积极视角不仅是马克思日后探索未来社会理论的基础，也为他下一步转向市民社会批判提供了契机。

关键词: ］真正的民主制, 人, 中介, 等级, 社会