Abstract: In Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, based on the theoretical vision of historical materialism and the reality of the development of the capitalist society at that time, Marx analyzes the inner mechanism of the capitalist society rationally, reveals the two basic orientations of modern society and the world, namely, progressiveness and vulgarity, grasps the creation of exchange value as the core of social modernization, and elaborates the general law of social modernization in terms of modernization of the modes of production, exchange, consumption,the system of human capability and so forth. On this basis, Marx reflects on social modernization from the dimensions of the modern production system, exchange system, and wealth (as the measure of individual value) based on the degree of development of free individuality, and critically analyzes the situation of the individual in modern times. This shows that: on the one hand, compared with the previous texts, the breadth and depth of Marxs exploration of modernization have reached a new height in the Outlines; on the other hand, it is still of contemporary value in understanding the Chinese path to modernization, especially in promoting the return of the means and ends of modernization, and in carrying out the exploration of modernization in the light of Chinas actual situations.

Key words: modern, modernization, exchange value, free individuality

摘要： 在《政治经济学批判大纲》中，马克思立足于历史唯物主义的理论视野和当时资本主义社会发展的现实状况，通过理性分析资本主义社会的内在机理，揭示了现代社会与世界的进步性和鄙俗性这两种基本定向，把握到了创造交换价值作为社会现代化的核心要义，并从生产方式、交换方式、消费方式、人的能力体系等方面的现代化阐述了社会现代化的一般规律。在此基础上，马克思以自由个性的发展程度为根据，从现代生产体系、交换体系、财富作为个体价值的尺度等维度展开了对社会现代化的反思，尤其是对个体在现代的处境做了批判性的剖析。就此表明：一方面，相较于之前的文本，马克思对现代化探索的广度和深度在《大纲》中达到了新的高度；另一方面，它对于把握中国式现代化仍具有时代价值，尤其是在促使现代化的手段和目的归位,以及结合中国实际情况展开现代化探索方面具有重要的启示意义。

关键词: 现代, 现代化, 交换价值, 自由个性