Abstract: Marx's theory of human development in three stages reveals the evolution of the individualcommunity relations. An examination of the transformation of the forms of democracy from this perspective results in the following historical scenarios. In traditional societies based on the natural economy, where the individual and community were in direct unity, the most influential form of democracy was the Athenian participatory democracy. In modern capitalist societies based on the market economy, where the individual is independent from the community, democratic politics prospers and the main form of democracy is electoral and representative democracy. In future communist societies, where the individual and community will achieve dialectical unity, democracy will lose its political attribute, and genuinely become a means of selfregulation by the people. The current institution with Chinese characteristics that integrates electoral democracy and deliberative democracy can be seen as an embryonic form of such an ideal democracy.

Key words: individual, community, democracy, human development

摘要： 马克思关于人的发展“三阶段”理论揭示了个人与共同体关系的变化，以此作为逻辑线索考察民主形式的嬗变过程，可获得如下的历史图景：在以自然经济为基础的传统社会中，个人与共同体处于直接统一的状态，这一时期最具影响力的雅典民主制开创了直接参与的民主实现形式；在以市场经济为基础的现代资本主义社会中，个人与共同体相互分离，民主政治蓬勃发展起来并以选举代议为主要实现形式；在未来的共产主义社会，个人与共同体将会实现辩证统一，民主将会失去其政治属性，真正成为人民自我管理的手段。当前中国特色社会主义选举民主与协商民主相结合的制度形式则为这种民主理想提供了现实雏形。

关键词: 个人, 共同体, 民主, 人的发展