关键词: 帝国主义, 资本主义, 层次范畴, 全球南方, 现代化

Abstract: Imperialism has continuously reshaped its practices since its inception. Under the influence of factors such as technological upgrade, the evolution of the international system, and cognitive renewal, contemporary imperialism has gradually completed its transformation from colonial plunder in physical space to penetration and exploitation in virtual space. From a hierarchical perspective, in the political domain, imperialism has shifted its focus downward horizontally, moving from largescale military intervention to institutional intervention and covert militarism. In the economic domain, it has extended monopoly vertically, with emerging oligarchs creating and exploiting new surplus value at a more abstract level, and upgrading the resources they export from commodities and capital to technology. In the cultural domain, it has blurred boundaries, diluting the discourse of absolute racial segregation to create a neoliberal illusion for the Global South. As an emerging force in world politics, the relationship between the Global South and imperialism has generally undergone three stages of transition: contending with nationalist strategies against the global colonial system, achieving limited integration into the global economic system through tariff sovereignty, and struggling with technological dependence within the global digital system. As the world enters a new period of turbulence and transformation, grasping the new forms of imperialist practices and the response strategies of representative countries in the Global South is conducive to empowering the construction of area and country studies with Marxism and providing a reference for the modernization of the Global South, including China.

Key words: imperialism, capitalism, hierarchical categories, the Global South, modernization