关键词: “再军事化”, 军事支出, 财政能力, 产业禀赋, 民粹主义

Abstract: The RussiaUkraine conflict has triggered a wave of “remilitarization” across Europe, yet major countries have diverged in their approaches to military spending, fiscal sources, and utilization methods. The industrial endowment of the defense industry determines whether a state has the incentive to stimulate economic growth through domestic defense construction, while fiscal pressure positions military spending against social welfare expenditures. In Germany, with its robust defense industrial base, “remilitarization” is viewed as a key measure for “reindustrialization” and job creation. Mainstream political parties pin their hopes on the economic impact of military spending, driving the country towards accelerated arms buildup. In Sweden, its relatively sound fiscal capacity allows for substantial military spending growth; however, its highly privatized defense industry makes international arms cooperation more aligned with the interests of monopolistic capitalists. In Italy, mired in fiscal distress, populist parties intensify the conflict in distributional politics, becoming a significant force constraining military buildup and hindering the development of its defense industry. “Remilitarization” and populism represent two major political upheavals developing concurrently in Europe. As military spending becomes a focal point in domestic party competition, not only will European defense integration face severe challenges, but arms buildup in some countries will also exacerbate the “guns versus butter” dilemma, continuing to fuel the rise of populism.

Key words: “remilitarization”, military spending, fiscal capacity, industrial endowment, populism