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Is Marx's Theory of Exploitation Outdated? A Review of Negri and Hardt's Theory of Exploitation Based on “the Common”

Zhou Xiao, Wang Fengming

Teaching and Research 2024, 58 (9): 31-42.

Abstract （792）

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Negri and Hardt question and criticize Marx's theory of exploitation based on material production, based on the transformation of the labor paradigm from material labor to “immaterial labor” or “biopolitical production” in the postindustrial era. They believe that, on the one hand, the object of capital exploitation is no longer surplus value, but the socalled “common”; on the other hand, the subject of capital exploitation is no longer the working class, but the socalled “multitude”. As for the former, although they discuss the new changes and characteristics of capital exploitation under the conditions of emerging digital technology, they confuse not only the “deprivation” of natural resources and public property in primitive accumulation with the “exploitation” of hired workers by capitalists, but also the onedimensional determination of the value of commodities (such as urban buildings) at the essential level with the multidimensional determination of prices at the phenomenal level. As for the latter, since the exploitation relationship is essentially an economic and production relationship, the new changes and characteristics of capital exploitation in time and space, as discussed by them, have not formed a negation and deconstruction of Marxs theory of exploitation. The specific images of the socalled multitude, as portrayed by them, are nothing more than descriptions of the production and living conditions of the working class, and therefore have not formed a negation and deconstruction of Marxist category of the working class. Whether it is “the multitude” or “the common”, due to the unclear connotation and overly broad extension, these two are not scientific concepts that reveal essences and laws, but rather daily expressions that fall into the phenomenal descriptions.

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Multi Dimensional Perspective of Marxs Theory of Freedom and Liberation of Man——On the Continuous Influence of Idealist Alienation View of History

He Haiyan, Wang Fengming

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“Critique of Entrepreneurship”: New Evidence, Boundary and Trend of Socialist Plan in the Visual Threshold of Big Data

Wang Feng

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Progress of the Theory of “Production Surplus Value”and Its New Changes in Capitalism

Wang Feng

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Are Commercial Employees Exploiters?——A Response to a Theory

NIU Bian-xiu, WANG Feng-ming

Teaching and Research 2010, (11): 63-69.

Abstract （1419）

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According to Marx,commercial work refers to the work aimed at realizing transformation of product or value in circulation decided by the social form of material production.Commercial work does not produce value or surplus value,and the income of commercial workers is taken from the value and surplus value produced by industrial workers.However,this does not mean that commercial employees are,like capitalists,exploiters of industrial workers.The reason is that the function of commercial work is to realize values of the product,that is,to complete the transformation from product to currency.As an important component of social work division system,commercial work contributes to saving the total social work and raising productivity.Therefore,it is a type of work which is both necessary and indispensable.

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Productivity Examined under Historical Materialism

WANG Feng-ming

Teaching and Research 2009, (6): 27-33.

Abstract （1503）

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In the historical course of Marxist theory on productivity the two books The German Ideolosy and Letter to Annenkov are of great significance.Inspired by socialist economists from Great Brain and France,Marx had added completely new ideas to the concept of productivity.Using this as a point of departure,he also interpreted the nature and the general principles of man,social existence and historical development in the light of historical materialism,overturning the principles and theoretical logic of old philosophical concept of history.However,being a type of abstract thinking,this idea has not yet grasped the concrete and historical development of productivity in reality,especially in the capitalist society,although it no longer merely expresses a surface perception as was the case with 1844 Economy Philosopy Manuscript and Commentary on Friedrich List’s book Das national System der Politischen; konomie.Marx’s realization of concrete thinking was completed in The Capital Theory and its Manuscripts.

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Philosophic Analysis of Prescriptions in Economic Areas

WANG Feng-ming

Teaching and Research 2006, (7): 35-40.

Abstract （1098）

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Three points are made in this paper.(1)To Marx,the economic areas are prescribed in form.This prescription of form is perceived as essential in the social productive relation and economic relation derived by means of materials prescribed as matter.(2)As the essential relation and the essential prescription are embodied in the form of material existence,signs of the matter are demonstrated.Therefore,each existence and prescription of form may cover or even reverse the essential relation and the essential prescription.(3)If the material prescription and the essential prescription are not properly distinguished,the essence of economic areas will be interpreted as its natural material existence with a material prescription,resulting in various concepts of "fetishism".

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Theoretical Analysis of Definitions of Intermediately Developed Countries

WANG Feng-jie

Teaching and Research 2005, (3): 89-92.

Abstract （1781）

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There are three main interpretations of intermediately developed countries.One refers to developed countries at the intermediate level of development,another refers to all the countries in the world that are at the intermediate level of economic and social development,and the third refers to countries with the average income at a high or intermediate level according to the index of world bank.The author holds that the first one aims too high and is definitely beyond our reach;the second aim is too low so that it does not mean much;the only one that seems to be appropriate is the third one.It is possible to be achieved with efforts which is in line with what Deng Xiaoping advocated.The author maintains that this definition is applicable to our present situation.However,there are limit ations in its criteria,which need further improvement.

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On Noumenon:A Fundamental Issue of Human Existence

WANG Feng-ming

Teaching and Research 2001, (3): 23-30.

Abstract （1348）

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The author maintains that the meaning of noumenon theory must be clarified before we can understand precisely the theory of noumenon in Marxist philosophy. The author holds that there exist differences in understanding theories of noumenon among professionals because people become confused about two completely different points from two different categories and get them mixed up. The two points are “the question of noumenon itself" and “different interpretations through different approaches" arrived at by different philosophers. The theory of noumenon stands for logical and conscious introspection of human beings over the foundation or contradictions of their own existence. On the basis of achieving unity between man and the world in facts and in values there is the need to reflect on a higher level of unity, that is, unity of truth and values, and unity of regularity and intention.

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