Abstract: Although Marx draws upon Aristotelian thought and German idealism to construct a theory of contingency based on sensation and practice as early as the period of his Doctoral Dissertation, this theory remains confined within the dualism of thought and existence. Like Hegels theory of contingency, in The German Ideology, contingency lies within existence itself; however, unlike Hegel, Marx believes that contingency represents the contradiction between “conditions”  and “reification”  within social existence, as well as that between social existence and social consciousness. In a capitalist society, social consciousness of the “contingent individual”  is a product of these contradictions and contingencies. Yet, through the help of “reification”, it constructs a false necessity and attempts to obscure the contradictions and contingencies from which social consciousness originates. Although contemporary radical leftists criticize the “reification” structure of capitalist society, they dissolve the contradiction between the “reification” structure and its historical conditions of existence, thereby falling back into the ideology of the “contingent individual” that Marx criticizes.

Key words: contingency, “conditions”, “reification”, Doctoral Dissertation, The German Ideology

摘要： 虽然早在《博士论文》时期，马克思就借用亚里士多德思想、德国观念论，构造出了以感觉、实践为基础的偶然性理论，但这一理论仍局限在思维与存在二分的二元论中。和黑格尔的偶然性理论一样，在《德意志意识形态》中，偶然性内在于存在自身；但和黑格尔不同，马克思认为偶然性表征了社会存在中“条件”与“物象”的矛盾，表征了社会存在与社会意识的矛盾。资本主义社会中，作为“偶然的个人”的社会意识正是上述矛盾、偶然性的产物，却又借助“物象”，构建起一种虚假的必然性，进而试图将作为其起源的矛盾、偶然性掩盖起来。当代激进左翼虽然也批判资本主义社会的“物象性”结构，但却消解了“物象”与其“条件”之间的矛盾，因而又陷入了马克思所批判的“偶然的个人”的意识形态之中。

关键词: 偶然性, “条件”, “物象”, 《博士论文》, 《德意志意识形态》