Abstract: Althusser interprets Marxist philosophy through two critical dimensions: the relationship between philosophy and theory, and the relationship between philosophy and politics. In terms of the relationship between philosophy and theory, Althusser argues that Marxism adopts a stance of “primacy of practice”, rejecting the idealist “primacy of theory”. Marxist philosophy no longer seeks to construct an absolute system of knowledge but instead acknowledges the nonidentity between theory and reality, striving to unify them through the dialectics of contradictions under concrete historical conditions. Unlike critiques that lapse into theoreticism, this understanding positions Althussers definition of “philosophy and politics” as a deepening of “theoretical practice”. Althusser contends that philosophy is not a purely speculative endeavor but a key theoretical tool of ideology. The ruling class uses philosophy to legitimize its dominance, while Marxist philosophy serves to counteract it. Thus, Marxism is not a new philosophy of practice but a new practice of philosophy. This interpretation reveals the revolutionary essence of Marxist philosophy: it ceases to present itself as a vessel of absolute truth and instead becomes a theoretical weapon for transforming the world. Althussers interpretation offers significant inspiration for our understanding of the political and revolutionary nature of Marxist philosophy.

Key words: Althusser, philosophy view, theory and practice, class struggle

摘要： 阿尔都塞从两个关键维度理解马克思主义哲学观：哲学与理论的关系、哲学与政治的关系。在哲学与理论关系上，阿尔都塞认为马克思主义采取“实践优先立场”，反对唯心主义的“理论优先立场”。马克思主义哲学不再试图构建绝对知识体系，而是承认理论与现实存在的非同一性，并通过多元决定的矛盾辩证法在具体形势中把握两者的统一。与通常导向理论主义的批评不同，通过这样的理解，本文将阿尔都塞哲学观中“哲学与政治”的定义看做对“理论实践”的深化。阿尔都塞认为哲学不是纯粹的思辨活动，而是意识形态的主要理论工具。统治阶级利用哲学来维护其统治，而马克思主义哲学则要与之抗衡。因此，马克思主义不是一种新的实践哲学，而是一种新的哲学实践。这种解读揭示了马克思主义哲学的革命性：它不再将自身视为绝对真理的载体，而是成为改造世界的理论武器。阿尔都塞的解读对于我们理解马克思主义哲学的政治性和革命性具有重要启发。 

关键词: 阿尔都塞, 哲学观, 理论实践, 阶级斗争