Abstract: The existing research on the ideological relationship between Marx and Proudhon still needs to be further expanded. It is advisable to locate Proudhon and his thoughts in the context of anarchism, and to understand the relationship between the two in the broader context of the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and the development of Marxism. Marx's critique of Proudhon's anarchism focuses on its theoretical basis, ideological line, political line, and so forth. These two theories are the distinction between “historical materialism and scientific socialism” and “historical idealism and bourgeois socialism”, between the proletarian and petty-bourgeois positions, between social revolution and social reform, and between the “human society” and free society, among others. This kind of orientation and understanding will help us fully grasp Proudhon's ideas and the basic nature, and also help confirm the truth of historical materialism and scientific socialism, and thus provide implications for human liberation in the 21st century.

Key words: anarchism, historical materialism, scientific socialism, dialectics

摘要： 现有对马克思与蒲鲁东的思想关系研究还有深入拓展的必要，宜在无政府主义的语境中定位蒲鲁东及其思想，并在更广阔的启蒙政治哲学和马克思思想发展的总体语境中来理解两人的关系。马克思对蒲鲁东无政府主义思想的批判体现在理论基础、思想路线、政治路线等方面，是历史唯物主义和科学社会主义与历史唯心主义和空论的资产阶级社会主义、无产阶级立场与小资产阶级立场、社会革命与社会改良、“人类社会”与自由社会等的区分。这种定位和理解有助于把握蒲鲁东的整个思想及其基本性质，也更有助于反过来证明历史唯物主义和科学社会主义的真理性，从而为21世纪的人类解放道路提供原则启示。

关键词: 无政府主义, 历史唯物主义, 科学社会主义, 辩证法