关键词: 思维, 形式逻辑, 先验逻辑, 辩证逻辑, 真理

Abstract: The issue of the logic and truth of thinking is both a scientific question that concerns all cognitive sciences and a foundational problem that underpins all scientific inquiry. To address this, Aristotle was the first to construct a metalogical system concerning inference and argumentation, thereby inaugurating the metaphysical construction of formal logic. Kant, recognizing the intrinsic connection between the function of formal logic and human cognitive capacities, advanced a “Copernican Revolution” in the relationship between thinking and truth within a framework of transcendental logic. In an effort to overcome the nonautonomous and nondialectical limitations of transcendental logic, later German classical philosophers undertook extraordinary explorations of the first principles of epistemology within the speculative system of transcendental idealism. Building on a critical reflection on the paradoxical identity of dialectics of thinking in logic and truth, Marx, in his interpretation and construction of practical dialectics, revealed the historical, developmental, and transformative dimensions of thinking, logic, and truth, which have been further developed in modern and contemporary philosophy. This issue of the logic and truth of thinking is thus not only a concrete and contemporary manifestation of the relationship between thinking and existence but also an enduringly relevant and foundational topic that continues to inspire new philosophical thought. 

Key words: thinking, formal logic, transcendental logic, dialectical logic, truth